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<br>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source Python library developed to help with the development of support learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are defined in [AI](https://www.ggram.run) research, making released research more easily reproducible [24] [144] while providing users with an easy user interface for engaging with these environments. In 2022, new advancements of Gym have been relocated to the library Gymnasium. [145] [146] |
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<br>Gym Retro<br> |
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<br>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement knowing (RL) research study on video games [147] utilizing RL algorithms and [wiki.vst.hs-furtwangen.de](https://wiki.vst.hs-furtwangen.de/wiki/User:Bettina5096) research [study generalization](https://tapeway.com). Prior RL research focused mainly on enhancing agents to solve single tasks. Gym Retro provides the ability to generalize between games with comparable ideas but various appearances.<br> |
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<br>RoboSumo<br> |
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<br>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a virtual world where [humanoid metalearning](https://anychinajob.com) robot representatives initially do not have understanding of how to even stroll, but are provided the goals of discovering to move and to press the [opposing representative](http://svn.ouj.com) out of the ring. [148] Through this adversarial knowing process, the agents discover how to adjust to changing conditions. When an agent is then removed from this virtual environment and put in a brand-new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, recommending it had learned how to balance in a generalized way. [148] [149] OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition between agents might create an intelligence "arms race" that might increase a representative's capability to work even outside the context of the competition. [148] |
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<br>OpenAI 5<br> |
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<br>OpenAI Five is a group of 5 OpenAI-curated bots used in the competitive five-on-five computer game Dota 2, that discover to play against human players at a high skill level entirely through experimental algorithms. Before becoming a group of 5, the very first public demonstration took place at The International 2017, the annual best championship tournament for the video game, where Dendi, an expert Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one match. [150] [151] After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for two weeks of real time, and that the knowing software application was a step in the direction of developing software that can handle complex jobs like a cosmetic surgeon. [152] [153] The system utilizes a form of reinforcement knowing, as the bots learn in time by playing against themselves numerous times a day for months, [setiathome.berkeley.edu](https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/view_profile.php?userid=11861831) and are rewarded for actions such as killing an opponent and taking map objectives. [154] [155] [156] |
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<br>By June 2018, the ability of the bots broadened to play together as a complete group of 5, and they were able to beat teams of amateur and semi-professional players. [157] [154] [158] [159] At The International 2018, OpenAI Five played in two exhibition matches against expert players, however ended up losing both video games. [160] [161] [162] In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated OG, the ruling world champs of the video game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco. [163] [164] The bots' final public appearance came later on that month, where they played in 42,729 overall games in a four-day open online competitors, winning 99.4% of those video games. [165] |
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<br>OpenAI 5's mechanisms in Dota 2's bot gamer reveals the obstacles of [AI](https://reckoningz.com) systems in multiplayer online fight arena (MOBA) video games and how OpenAI Five has shown the use of deep support knowing (DRL) agents to attain superhuman proficiency in Dota 2 matches. [166] |
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<br>Dactyl<br> |
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<br>Developed in 2018, Dactyl utilizes machine learning to train a Shadow Hand, a human-like robotic hand, to manipulate physical items. [167] It learns totally in simulation using the very same RL algorithms and [training](https://git.getmind.cn) code as OpenAI Five. OpenAI tackled the things orientation issue by utilizing domain randomization, a simulation technique which exposes the learner to a range of experiences rather than trying to fit to truth. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having movement tracking video cameras, likewise has RGB cameras to permit the robot to control an arbitrary object by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI revealed that the system was able to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism. [168] |
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<br>In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl might resolve a [Rubik's Cube](http://121.40.234.1308899). The robotic had the ability to resolve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce intricate physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by enhancing the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by using Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of generating progressively harder environments. ADR varies from manual domain randomization by not requiring a human to specify randomization ranges. [169] |
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<br>API<br> |
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<br>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose API which it said was "for accessing new [AI](http://211.119.124.110:3000) designs established by OpenAI" to let designers call on it for "any English language [AI](https://freelancejobsbd.com) job". [170] [171] |
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<br>Text generation<br> |
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<br>The business has promoted generative pretrained transformers (GPT). [172] |
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<br>OpenAI's original GPT design ("GPT-1")<br> |
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<br>The initial paper on generative pre-training of a transformer-based language design was written by Alec Radford and his colleagues, and published in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018. [173] It demonstrated how a generative model of language might obtain world knowledge and process long-range dependences by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of adjoining text.<br> |
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<br>GPT-2<br> |
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<br>Generative [Pre-trained Transformer](https://gogs.tyduyong.com) 2 ("GPT-2") is an unsupervised transformer language design and the follower to OpenAI's initial GPT design ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was revealed in February 2019, with only restricted demonstrative versions initially launched to the general public. The full variation of GPT-2 was not instantly launched due to concern about potential abuse, consisting of applications for composing phony news. [174] Some experts revealed uncertainty that GPT-2 presented a substantial danger.<br> |
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<br>In action to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to find "neural fake news". [175] Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, alerted of "the innovation to absolutely fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would muffle all other speech and be impossible to filter". [176] In November 2019, OpenAI launched the total version of the GPT-2 language model. [177] Several websites host interactive presentations of different circumstances of GPT-2 and other transformer models. [178] [179] [180] |
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<br>GPT-2's authors argue not being watched language designs to be general-purpose students, shown by GPT-2 attaining cutting edge accuracy and perplexity on 7 of 8 zero-shot tasks (i.e. the model was not further trained on any [task-specific input-output](http://161.97.176.30) examples).<br> |
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<br>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains a little 40 gigabytes of text from URLs shared in Reddit submissions with at least 3 upvotes. It avoids certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by utilizing byte pair encoding. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both individual characters and multiple-character tokens. [181] |
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<br>GPT-3<br> |
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<br>First explained in May 2020, [Generative Pre-trained](https://careers.cblsolutions.com) [a] Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is a without supervision transformer language design and the follower to GPT-2. [182] [183] [184] OpenAI specified that the full variation of GPT-3 contained 175 billion criteria, [184] two orders of magnitude bigger than the 1.5 billion [185] in the complete version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 designs with as few as 125 million criteria were also trained). [186] |
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<br>OpenAI mentioned that GPT-3 prospered at certain "meta-learning" tasks and might generalize the function of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper offered examples of translation and cross-linguistic transfer knowing in between English and Romanian, and in between English and German. [184] |
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<br>GPT-3 considerably improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language designs could be approaching or encountering the fundamental ability constraints of predictive language models. [187] Pre-training GPT-3 needed numerous thousand petaflop/s-days [b] of calculate, compared to 10s of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 design. [184] Like its predecessor, [174] the GPT-3 trained model was not instantly released to the general public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to allow gain access to through a paid cloud API after a two-month complimentary personal beta that began in June 2020. [170] [189] |
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<br>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed specifically to Microsoft. [190] [191] |
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<br>Codex<br> |
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<br>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has actually in addition been [trained](https://social.vetmil.com.br) on code from 54 million GitHub repositories, [192] [193] and is the [AI](https://jobsantigua.com) powering the code autocompletion tool GitHub Copilot. [193] In August 2021, an API was released in personal beta. [194] According to OpenAI, the design can develop working code in over a dozen programs languages, most successfully in Python. [192] |
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<br>Several concerns with problems, style flaws and security vulnerabilities were mentioned. [195] [196] |
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<br>GitHub Copilot has actually been implicated of discharging copyrighted code, [wavedream.wiki](https://wavedream.wiki/index.php/User:MargieMakin668) with no author attribution or license. [197] |
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<br>OpenAI revealed that they would terminate support for Codex API on March 23, 2023. [198] |
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<br>GPT-4<br> |
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<br>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI revealed the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), efficient in accepting text or image inputs. [199] They revealed that the [updated technology](https://kaykarbar.com) passed a simulated law school bar test with a score around the leading 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 might also read, evaluate or produce up to 25,000 words of text, and write code in all major programming languages. [200] |
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<br>Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT utilizing GPT-4 was an enhancement on the previous GPT-3.5-based version, with the caution that GPT-4 retained a few of the problems with earlier revisions. [201] GPT-4 is likewise capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT. [202] OpenAI has decreased to reveal different [technical details](https://bvbborussiadortmundfansclub.com) and statistics about GPT-4, such as the [precise size](https://linkin.commoners.in) of the model. [203] |
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<br>GPT-4o<br> |
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<br>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI revealed and released GPT-4o, which can process and create text, images and audio. [204] GPT-4o attained advanced lead to voice, multilingual, and vision standards, setting new [records](http://47.94.142.23510230) in audio speech recognition and translation. [205] [206] It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask [Language Understanding](https://newhopecareservices.com) (MMLU) criteria compared to 86.5% by GPT-4. [207] |
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<br>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller sized variation of GPT-4o changing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT user interface. Its [API costs](http://www.radioavang.org) $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI anticipates it to be particularly useful for business, start-ups and designers looking for to automate services with [AI](http://gsend.kr) representatives. [208] |
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<br>o1<br> |
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<br>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1-preview and o1-mini models, which have actually been designed to take more time to think of their reactions, resulting in higher precision. These models are particularly effective in science, coding, and [thinking](https://givebackabroad.org) tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Team members. [209] [210] In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1. [211] |
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<br>o3<br> |
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<br>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI revealed o3, the successor of the o1 reasoning design. OpenAI also unveiled o3-mini, a lighter and [forum.altaycoins.com](http://forum.altaycoins.com/profile.php?id=1078514) much [faster variation](https://wiki.openwater.health) of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are testing o3 and [wiki.dulovic.tech](https://wiki.dulovic.tech/index.php/User:QYKElton1324495) o3-mini. [212] [213] Until January 10, 2025, safety and security researchers had the chance to obtain early access to these designs. [214] The design is called o3 rather than o2 to prevent confusion with telecommunications providers O2. [215] |
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<br>Deep research<br> |
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<br>Deep research is a representative developed by OpenAI, unveiled on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of [OpenAI's](https://farmjobsuk.co.uk) o3 model to carry out extensive web browsing, data analysis, and synthesis, delivering detailed reports within a timeframe of 5 to thirty minutes. [216] With browsing and Python tools enabled, it reached a precision of 26.6 percent on HLE (Humanity's Last Exam) criteria. [120] |
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<br>Image category<br> |
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<br>CLIP<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training) is a design that is trained to evaluate the semantic similarity in between text and images. It can significantly be utilized for image [category](https://droidt99.com). [217] |
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<br>Text-to-image<br> |
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<br>DALL-E<br> |
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<br>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that creates images from textual descriptions. [218] DALL-E utilizes a 12-billion-parameter version of GPT-3 to interpret natural language inputs (such as "a green leather purse shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of an unfortunate capybara") and create matching images. It can produce pictures of practical objects ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") along with objects that do not exist in reality ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). As of March 2021, no API or code is available.<br> |
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<br>DALL-E 2<br> |
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<br>In April 2022, OpenAI revealed DALL-E 2, an upgraded version of the design with more reasonable outcomes. [219] In December 2022, OpenAI released on GitHub software application for Point-E, a brand-new basic system for transforming a text description into a 3-dimensional design. [220] |
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<br>DALL-E 3<br> |
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<br>In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to produce images from intricate descriptions without manual timely engineering and render [complicated details](https://voyostars.com) like hands and text. [221] It was released to the general public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October. [222] |
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<br>Text-to-video<br> |
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<br>Sora<br> |
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<br>Sora is a text-to-video design that can produce videos based upon short detailed triggers [223] in addition to [extend existing](https://labz.biz) videos forwards or backwards in time. [224] It can generate videos with resolution up to 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The optimum length of generated videos is unidentified.<br> |
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<br>Sora's advancement group named it after the Japanese word for "sky", to signify its "endless imaginative potential". [223] Sora's innovation is an adaptation of the innovation behind the DALL · E 3 text-to-image model. [225] OpenAI trained the system utilizing publicly-available videos as well as copyrighted videos accredited for that purpose, however did not reveal the number or the precise sources of the videos. [223] |
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<br>OpenAI showed some [Sora-created high-definition](https://git.pt.byspectra.com) videos to the general public on February 15, 2024, specifying that it could create videos up to one minute long. It likewise shared a technical report highlighting the approaches used to train the design, and the model's abilities. [225] It acknowledged a few of its shortcomings, including struggles imitating complicated physics. [226] Will Douglas Heaven of the MIT Technology Review called the presentation videos "remarkable", however noted that they must have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's normal output. [225] |
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<br>Despite uncertainty from some academic leaders following Sora's public demo, notable entertainment-industry figures have revealed considerable interest in the technology's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker Tyler Perry revealed his astonishment at the [technology's ability](https://newhopecareservices.com) to create reasonable video from text descriptions, mentioning its prospective to reinvent storytelling and material development. He said that his enjoyment about [Sora's possibilities](https://travelpages.com.gh) was so strong that he had actually chosen to stop briefly prepare for broadening his Atlanta-based movie studio. [227] |
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<br>Speech-to-text<br> |
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<br>Whisper<br> |
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<br>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech acknowledgment design. [228] It is trained on a big dataset of [diverse audio](https://git.xinstitute.org.cn) and is also a multi-task model that can perform multilingual speech recognition in addition to speech translation and language identification. [229] |
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<br>Music generation<br> |
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<br>MuseNet<br> |
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<br>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to predict subsequent musical notes in MIDI music files. It can generate songs with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to The Verge, a tune generated by MuseNet tends to start fairly however then fall under chaos the longer it plays. [230] [231] In pop culture, preliminary applications of this tool were utilized as early as 2020 for the internet psychological thriller Ben Drowned to create music for the titular character. [232] [233] |
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<br>Jukebox<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to generate music with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a bit of lyrics and outputs tune samples. OpenAI stated the songs "show regional musical coherence [and] follow conventional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the tunes do not have "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" which "there is a considerable space" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge stated "It's technically excellent, even if the results sound like mushy variations of tunes that might feel familiar", while [Business Insider](https://digital-field.cn50443) specified "remarkably, some of the resulting songs are appealing and sound legitimate". [234] [235] [236] |
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<br>Interface<br> |
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<br>Debate Game<br> |
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<br>In 2018, OpenAI released the Debate Game, which [teaches devices](http://114.55.54.523000) to debate toy problems in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such an approach might help in auditing [AI](http://kuzeydogu.ogo.org.tr) decisions and in developing explainable [AI](http://150.158.183.74:10080). [237] [238] |
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<br>Microscope<br> |
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<br>Released in 2020, Microscope [239] is a collection of visualizations of every significant layer and nerve cell of eight neural network designs which are often studied in interpretability. [240] Microscope was created to evaluate the functions that form inside these neural networks quickly. The models included are AlexNet, VGG-19, different variations of Inception, and various variations of CLIP Resnet. [241] |
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<br>ChatGPT<br> |
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<br>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an expert system tool developed on top of GPT-3 that supplies a conversational interface that allows users to ask questions in natural language. The system then responds with an answer within seconds.<br> |
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